[Preamble] EDWARD by the grace
of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Guyan, to all
Archbishops, Bishops, etc. We have seen the Great Charter of the Lord
HENRY, sometimes King of England, our father, of the Liberties of England,
in these words: Henry by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of
Ireland, Duke of Normandy and Guyan, and Earl of Anjou, to all
Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Earls, Barons, Sheriffs, Provosts,
Officers, and to all Bailiffs and other our faithful Subjects , which
shall see this present Charter, Greeting. Know ye that we, unto the honour
of Almighty God, and for the salvation of the souls of our progenitors and
successors, Kings of England, to the advancement of holy Church, and
amendment of our Realm, of our meer and free will, have given and granted
to all Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Earls, Barons, and to all
freemen of this our realm, these liberties following, to be kept in our
kingdom of England for ever.
[1] First, We have granted to God, and by
this our present Charter have confirmed, for us and our Heirs for ever,
That the Church of England shall be free, and shall have her whole rights
and liberties inviolable. We have granted also, and given to all the
freemen of our realm, for us and our Heirs for ever, these liberties
underwritten, to have and to hold to them and their Heirs, of us and our
Heirs for ever.
[2] If any of our Earls or Barons, or any
other, which holdeth of Us in chief by Knights service, shall die and at
the time of his death his heir be of full age, and oweth us Relief, he
shall have his inheritance by the old Relief; that is to say, the heir or
heirs of an Earl, for a whole Earldom, by one hundred pound; the heir or
heirs of a Baron, for an whole Barony, by one hundred marks; the heir or
heirs of a Knight, for one whole Knights fee, one hundred shillings at the
most; and he that hath less, shall give less, according to the custom of
the fees.
[3] But if the Heir of any such be within
age, his Lord shall not have the ward of him, nor of his land, before that
he hath taken him homage. And after that such an heir hath been in ward
(when he is come of full age) that is to say, to the age of one and twenty
years, he shall have his inheritance without Relief, and without Fine; so
that if such an heir, being within age, be made Knight, yet nevertheless
his land shall remain in the keeping of his Lord unto the term aforesaid.
[4] The keeper of the land of such an heir,
being within age, shall not take of the lands of the heir, but reasonable
issues, reasonable customs, and reasonable servics, and that without
destruction and waste of his men and goods. And if we commit the custody
of any such land to the Sheriff, or to any other, which is answerable unto
us for the issues of the same land, and he make destruction or waste of
those things that he hath in custody, we will take of him amends and
recompence therefore, and the land shall be committed to two lawful and
discreet men of that fee, which shall answer unto us for the issues of the
same land, or unto him whom we will assign. And if we give or sell to any
man the custody of any such land, and he therein do make destruction or
waste, he shall lose the same custody; and it shall be assigned to two
lawful and discreet men of that fee, which also in like manner shall be
answerable to us, as afore is said.
[5] The keeper, so long as he hath the
custody of the land of such an heir, shall keep up the houses, parks,
warrens, ponds, mills, and other things pertaining to the same land, with
the issues of the said land; and he shall deliver to the Heir, when he
cometh to his full age, all his land stored with ploughs, and all other
things, at the least as he received it. All these things shall be observed
in the custodies of the Archbishopricks, Bishopricks, Abbeys, Priories,
Churchs, and Dignities vacant, which appertain to us; except this, that
such custody shall not be sold.
[6] Heirs shall be married without
Disparagement.
[7] A Widow, after the death of her husband,
incontinent, and without any Difficulty, shall have her marriage and her
inheritance, and shall give nothing for her dower, her marriage, or her
inheritance, which her husband and she held the day of the death of her
husband, and she shall tarry in the chief house of her husband by forty
days after the death of her husband, within which days her dower shall be
assigned her (if it were not assigned her before) or that the house be a
castle; and if she depart from the castle, then a competent house shall be
forthwith provided for her, in the which she may honestly dwell, until her
dower be to her assigned, as it is aforesaid; and she shall have in the
meantime her reasonable estovers of the common; and for her do wer shall
be assigned unto her the third part of all the lands of her husband, which
were his during coverture, except she were endowed of less at the
Church-door. No widow shall be distrained to marry herself: nevertheless
she shall find surety, that she shall not marry without our licence and
assent (if she hold of us) nor without the assent of the Lord, if she hold
of another.
[8] We or our Bailiffs shall not seize any
land or rent for any debt, as long as the present Goods and Chattels of
the debtor do suffice to pay the debt, and the debtor himself be ready to
satisfy therefore. Neither shall the pledges of the debtor be dist rained,
as long as the principal debtor is sufficient for the payment of the debt.
And if the principal debtor fail in the payment of the debt, having
nothing wherewith to pay, or will not pay where he is able, the pledges
shall answer for the debt. And if they will, they shall have the lands and
rents of the debtor, until they be satished of that which they before paid
for him, except that the debtor can show himself to be acquitted against
the said sureties.
[9] The city of London shall have all the old
liberties and customs, which it hath been used to have. Moreover we will
and grant, that all other Cities, Boroughs, Towns, and the Barons of the
Five Ports, and all other Ports, shall have all their liberties and free
customs.
[10] No man shall be distrained to do more
service for a Knights fee, nor any freehold, than therefore is due.
[11] Common Pleas shall not follow our Court,
but shall be holden in some place certain.
[12] Assises of novel disseisin, and of
Mortdancestor, shall not be taken but in the shires, and after this
manner: If we be out of this Realm, our chief Justicer shall send our
Justicers through every County once in the Year, which, with the Knights
of the shires, shall take the said Assises in those counties; and those
things that at the coming of our foresaid Justicers, being sent to take
those Assises in the counties, cannot be determined, shall be ended by
them in some other place in their circuit; and those things, which for
difficulty of some articles cannot be determined by them, shall be
referred to our Justicers of the Bench, and there shall be ended.
[13] Assises of Darrein Presentment shall be
alway taken before our Justices of the Bench, and there shall be
determined.
[14] A Freeman shall not be amerced for a
small fault, but after the manner of the fault; and for a great fault
after the greatness thereof, saving to him his contenement; and a Merchant
likewise, saving to him his Merchandise; and any other's villain than ours
shall be likewise amerced, saving his wainage, if he falls into our mercy.
And none of the said amerciaments shall be assessed, but by the oath of
honest and lawful men of the vicinage. Earls and Barons shall not be
amerced but by their Peers, and after the manner of their offence. No man
of the Church shall be amerced after the quantity of his spiritual
Benefice, but after his Lay-tenement, and after the quantity of his
offence.
[15] No Town or Freeman shall be distrained
to make Bridges nor Banks, but such as of old time and of right have been
accustomed to make them in the time of King Henry our Grandfather.
[16] No Banks shall be defended from
henceforth, but such as were in defence in the time of King Henry our
Grandfather, by the same places, and the same bounds, as they were wont to
be in his time.
[17] No Sheriff, Constable, Escheator,
Coroner, nor any other our Bailiffs, shall hold Pleas of our Crown.
[18] If any that holdeth of us Lay-fee do
die, and our Sheriff or Bailiff do show our Letters Patents of our summon
for Debt, which the dead man did owe to us; it shall be lawful to our
Sheriff or Bailiff to attach or inroll all the goods and chattels of the
dead, being found in the said fee, to the Value of the same Debt, by the
sight and testimony of lawful men, so that nothing thereof shall be taken
away, until we be clearly paid off the debt; and the residue shall remain
to the Executors to perform the testament of the dead; and if nothing be
owing unto us, all the chattels shall go to the use of the dead (saving to
his wife and children their reasonable parts).
[19] No Constable, nor his Bailiff, shall
take corn or other chattels of any man, if the man be not of the Town
where the Castle is, but he shall forthwith pay for the same, unless that
the will of the seller was to respite the payment; and if he be of the
same Town, the price shall be paid unto him within forty days.
[20] No Constable shall distrain any Knight
to give money for keeping of his Castle, if he himself will do it in his
proper person, or cause it to be done by another sufficient man, if he may
not do it himself for a reasonable cause. And if we lead or send him to an
army, he shall be free from Castle-ward for the time that he shall be with
us in fee in our host, for the which he hath done service in our wars.
[21] No Sheriff nor Bailiff of ours, or any
other, shall take the Horses or Carts of any man to make carriage, except
he pay the old price limited, that is to say, for carriage with two horse,
x.d. a day; for three horse, xiv.d. a day. No demesne Cart of any
Spiritual person or Knight, or any Lord, shall be taken by our Bailiffs;
nor we, nor our Bailiffs, nor any other, shall take any man's wood for our
Castles, or other our necessaries to be done, but by the licence of him
whose wood it shall be.
[22] We will not hold the Lands of them that
be convict of Felony but one year and one day, and then those Lands shall
be delivered to the Lords of the fee.
[23] All Wears from henceforth shall be
utterly put down by Thames and Medway, and through all England, but only
by the Sea-coasts.
[24] The Writ that is called Praecipe in
capite shall be from henceforth granted to no person of any freehold,
whereby any freeman may lose his Court.
[25] One measure of Wine shall be through our
Realm, and one measure of Ale, and one measure of Corn, that is to say,
the Quarter of London; and one breadth of dyed Cloth, Russets, and
Haberjects, that is to say, two Yards within the lists. And it shall be of
Weights as it is of Measures.
[26] Nothing from henceforth shall be given
for a Writ of Inquisition, nor taken of him that prayeth Inquisition of
Life, or of Member, but it shall be granted freely, and not denied.
[27] If any do hold of us by Fee-ferm, or by
Socage, or Burgage, and he holdeth Lands of another by Knights Service, we
will not have the Custody of his Heir, nor of his Land, which is holden of
the Fee of another, by reason of that Fee-ferm, Socage, or Burgage.
Neither will we have the custody of such Fee-ferm, or Socage, or Burgage,
except Knights Service be due unto us out of the same Fee-ferm. We will
not have the custody of the Heir, or of any Land, by occasion of any Petit
Serjeanty, that any man holdeth of us by Service to pay a Knife, an Arrow,
or the like.
[28] No Bailiff from henceforth shall put any
man to his open Law, nor to an Oath, upon his own bare saying, without
faithful Witnesses brought in for the same.
[29] No Freeman shall be taken, or
imprisoned, or be disseised of his Freehold, or Liberties, or free
Customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or any otherwise destroyed; nor will
we pass upon him, nor condemn him, but by lawful Judgment of his Peers, or
by the Law of the Land. We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer
to any man either Justice or Right.
[30] All Merchants (if they were not openly
prohibited before) shall have their safe and sure Conduct to depart out of
England, to come into England, to tarry in, and go through England, as
well by Land as by Water, to buy and sell without any manner of evil Tolts,
by the old and rightful Customs, except in Time of War. And if they be of
a land making War against us, and such be found in our Realm at the
beginning of the Wars, they shall be attached without harm of body or
goods, until it be known unto us , or our Chief Justice, how our Merchants
be intreated there in the land making War against us; and if our Merchants
be well intreated there, theirs shall be likewise with us.
[31] If any man hold of any Eschete, as of
the honour of Wallingford, Nottingham, Boloin, or of any other Eschetes
which be in our hands, and are Baronies, and die, his Heir shall give none
other Relief, nor do none other Service to us, than he should to the
Baron, if it were in the Baron's hand. And we in the same wise shall hold
it as the Baron held it; neither shall we have, by occasion of any such
Barony or Eschete, any Eschete or keeping of any of our men, unless he
that held the Barony or Eschete hold of us in chief.
[32] No Freeman from henceforth shall give or
sell any more of his Land, but so that of the residue of the Lands the
Lord of the Fee may have the Service due to him, which belongeth to the
Fee.
[33] All Patrons of Abbies, which have the
King's Charters of England of Advowson, or have old Tenure or Possession
in the same, shall have the Custody of them when they fall void, as it
hath been accustomed, and as it is afore declared.
[34] No Man shall be taken or imprisoned upon
the Appeal of a Woman for the Death of any other, than of her husband.
[35] No County Court from henceforth shall be
holden, but from Month to Month; and where greater time hath been used,
there shall be greater: Nor any Sheriff, or his Bailiff, shall keep his
Turn in the Hundred but twice in the Year; and nowhere but in due place,
and accustomed; that is to say, once after Easter, and again after the
Feast of St. Michael. And the View of Frankpledge shall be likewise at the
Feast of St. Michael without occasion; so that every man may have his
Liberties which he had, or used to have, in the time of King HENRY our
Grandfather, or which he hath purchased since: but the View of Frankpledge
shall be so done, that our Peace may be kept; and that the Tything be
wholly kept as it hath been accustomed; and that the Sheriff seek no
Occasions, and that he be content with so much as the Sheriff was wont to
have for his Viewmaking in the time of King HENRY our Grandfather.
[36] It shall not be lawful from henceforth
to any to give his Lands to any Religious House, and to take the same Land
again to hold of the same House. Nor shall it be lawful to any House of
Religion to take the Lands of any, and to lease the same to him of whom he
received it. If any from henceforth give his Lands to any Religious House,
and thereupon be convict, the Gift shall be utterly void, and the Land
shall accrue to the Lord of the Fee.
[37] Escuage from henceforth shall be taken
like as it was wont to be in the time of King HENRY our Grandfather;
reserving to all Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Templers,
Hospitallers, Earls, Barons, and all persons, as well Spiritual as
Temporal, all their free liberties and free Customs, which they have had
in time passed. And all these Customs and Liberties aforesaid, which we
have granted to be holden within this our Realm, as much as appertaineth
to us and our Heirs, we shall observe; and all Men of this our Realm, as
well Spiritual as Temporal (as much as in them is) shall observe the same
against all persons in like wise. And for this our Gift and Grant of these
Liberties, and of other contained in our Charter of Liberties of our
Forest, the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Earls, Barons, Knights,
Freeholders, and other our Subjects, have given unto us the Fifteenth Part
of all their Moveables. And we have granted unto them for us and our
Heirs, that neither we, nor our Heirs shall proc ure or do anything
whereby the Liberties in this Charter contained shall be infringed or
broken; and if anything be procured by any person contrary to the
premisses, it shall be had of no force nor effect. These being Witnesses;
Lord B. Archbishop of Cant erbury, E. Bishop of London, J. Bishop of
Bathe, P. of Winchester, H. of Lincoln, R. of Salisbury, W. of Rochester,
W. of Worester, J. of Ely, H. of Hereford, R. of Chichester, W. of Exeter,
Bishops; the Abbot of St. Edmunds, the Abbot of St. Albans, the Abbot of
Bello, the Abbot of St. Augustines in Canterbury, the Abbot of Evesham,
the Abbot of Westminster, the Abbot of Bourgh St. Peter, the Abbot of
Reading, the Abbot of Abindon, the Abbot of Malmsbury, the Abbot of
Winchcomb, the Abbot of Hyde, the Abbot of Certefey, the Abbot of Sherburn,
the Abbot of Cerne, the Abbot of Abbotebir, the Abbot of Middleton, the
Abbot of Seleby, the Abbot of Cirencester; H. de Burgh Justice, H. Earl of
Chester and Lincoln, W. Earl of Salisbury, W. Earl of Warren, G. de Clare
Earl of Gloucester and Hereford, W. de Ferrars Earl of Derby, W. de
Mandeville Earl of Essex, H. de Bygod Earl of Norfolk, W. Earl of
Albermarle, H. Earl of Hereford, J. Constable of Chester, R. de Ros, R.
Fitzwalter, R. de Vyponte, W. de Bruer, R. de Muntefichet, P. Fitzherbert,
W. de Aubenie, F. Grefly, F. de Breus, J. de Monemue, J. Fitzallen, H. de
Mortimer, W. de Beauchamp, W. de St. John, P. de Mauly, Brian de Lisle,
Thomas de Multon, R. de Argenteyn, G. de Nevil, W. de Mauduit, J. de Balun,
and others.
We, ratifying and approving these Gifts and
Grants aforesaid, confirm and make strong all the same for us and our
Heirs perpetually, and, by the Tenour of these Presents, do renew the
same; willing and granting for us and our Heirs, that this Charter, and
all and singular his Articles, for ever shall be stedfastly, firmly, and
inviolably observed; although some Articles in the same Charter contained,
yet hitherto peradventure have not been kept, we will, and by Authority
Royal command, from henceforth firmly they be observed. In witness whereof
we have caused these our Letters Patents to be made. T. EDWARD our Son at
Westminster, the Twenty-eighth Day of March, in the Twenty-eighth Year of
our Reign.
